Psychedelic Substances

Why in news?

• In recent years, there has been renewed interest in the use of Psychedelics in the clinical and research domain of Psychiatry.
• In India, the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1985 prohibits the use of psychedelic substances.

About Psychedelic Substances:

• Psychedelics are a group of drugs that alter perception, mood, and thought processing while a person is still clearly conscious. Usually, the person’s insight also remains unimpaired.
• Psychedelics are non-addictive and non-toxic. Compared to illicit drugs, psychedelics cause much less harm to the end user.
• The two most commonly used psychedelics are d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin.
• Less common ones include mescaline, found in the North American peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine, the principal component of the South American ceremonial sacrament ayahuasca.

About the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985:

• The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 or the NDPS Act is the legislation that deals with narcotic drug or psychotropic substance prohibition in India.
• Initially enacted in 1985, the Act was amended three times in 1988, 2001 and 2014.
• The Act is based on Article 47 (DPSP) of the Constitution which directs the State to endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption, except for medicinal purposes, of intoxicating drugs injurious to health.

Features:

• Prohibition on narcotic drug or psychotropic substance:
  • The NDPS Act prohibits a person from the production/manufacturing/cultivation, possession, sale, purchasing, transport, storage, and/or consumption of any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance.
• Definition:
  • According to the Act, narcotic drugs include coca leaf, cannabis (hemp), opium, and poppy straw; and psychotropic substances include any natural or synthetic material or any salt or preparation covered under Psychotropic Substances Convention of 1971.
• Punishment:
  • The penalties under this Act are severe considering the consequences of drug abuse and its trafficking.
  • The offences under the Act attract jail terms ranging from one year to 20 years and fine depending on the crime.
  • Under the Act, abetment, criminal conspiracy and even attempts to commit an offence attract the same punishment as the offence itself.
  • Preparation to commit an offence attracts half the penalty.
  • Repeat offences attract one and a half times the penalty and in some cases, the death penalty.
• Property can be seized and forfeited:
  • Under the Act, property acquired by a person from drug-related offences, who has been convicted under the Act can be seized, frozen and forfeited by the government.
• Other features:
  • All the offences under the NDPS Act are non-bailable.
  • Also, no relief can be sought by the drug convicts by termination, remission, and commutation of sentences passed.

Narcotics Control Bureau

• The Narcotics Control Bureau was constituted in 1986 under the provisions of the NDPS Act.
• The NCB is a nodal agency that is responsible for coordination with various ministries, other offices & State/Central enforcement agencies with regard to drug law enforcement and also in respect of matters relating to drug abuse.
• It works under the Union Ministry of Home Affairs.

Amendments in 2014

• The 2014 amendment eased restrictions on Essential Narcotic Drugs (Morphine, Fentanyl and Methadone), making them more accessible for use in pain relief and palliative care

PRACTICE QUESTION

With reference to the ‘Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act’, consider the following statements:

1. All the offences under the  Act are non-bailable.

2. Property acquired by a person from drug-related offences can be seized, frozen and forfeited by the government.

3. Narcotics Control Bureau was constituted under this Act

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1,2 and 3

Answer